Background: Celiac Disease (CD) is a T cell-mediated disorder. Recent studies suggest the role of chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL11 to promote the arrival of cells into inflamed tissues and in lymphocytic recruitment in active CD. The aim of this study was to investigate the new SPECIFIC PRIMER pairs for analysis of human CXCL10 and CXCL11 genes in blood samples of CD patients by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique and to examine the quantitative expression of these genes in the blood of celiac patients compared with healthy controls. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 10 CD patients diagnosed according to the Iranian Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Marsh criteria and 10 as a control group after extraction of RNA from patients and cDNA was synthesized. By bioinformatics analysis, the SPECIFIC regions of the CXCL10 and CXCL11 genes were designed and exon-exon junction SPECIFIC PRIMERs and PCR was performed. Later gene expression analysis was performed with Real-time PCR. Results: According to the results, all designed PRIMERs are highly capable of replicating the desired components. Also, there was a significant increase in expression of two chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL11 genes in the celiac patients compared to control groups (P<0. 05). Conclusion: Our results from this study showed that changes in the expression of CXCL10 and CXCL11 genes in celiac patients indicate the role of the inherent immune system in the pathogenesis of CD.

The Sigatoka disease complex of banana involves three related ascomycetous fungi viz., Mycosphaerella fijiensis, M. musicola, and M. eumusae. Due to rather similar symptoms on banana, similar teleomorph morphology and problems associated with growth and sporulation in culture, species identification based on classical methods is troublesome. The exact distribution of these three species and their disease epidemiology remain unclear. Furthermore, M. fijiensis and M. eumusae have not been reported from many banana producing countries, so as to be considered as quarantine organisms. Rapid and accurate detection of these three species is essential to adopt and apply proper disease management strategy. In the present study, species-SPECIFIC PRIMER sets were developed as based on sequence data of actin gene. Species-SPECIFIC PRIMER combinations were designed with expected amplicon sizes of 500 bp from M. fijiensis, 200 bp from M. musicola, and 630 bp for M. eumusae. Accuracy and efficacy of each of species-PRIMER sets were tested and verified on DNA extracted from pure cultures as well as DNA from naturally infected banana leaves. The sensitivity of the PRIMER sets enabled reliable detection of M. fijiensis DNA as low as 100 pg, whereas for M. musicola and M. eumusae a higher sensitivity was achieved of 1 pg and 10 pg genomic DNA, respectively.

The dry bubble disease (caused by Lecanicillium fungicola )is the most threatening disease of cultivated button mushrooms throughout the world. Most of the symptoms shown by the dry bubble are also shown by the wet bubble (Mycogone perniciosa )and they may even be confused. Early detection and precise monitoring of the diseases are very important for managing effective treatments. A PCR-based assay for a SPECIFIC diagnosis of the disease in various stages of the disease development was developed. A PRIMER pair designed based on ribosomal DNA generated two bands, 650 and 800 bp, SPECIFIC for the detection of L. fungicola. Additionally, a simple and time-saving method for direct extraction of DNA from the affected sporophores is presented and the impact of sample pre-treatment on the efficiency of DNA isolation is highlighted. Here, we also report Simplicillium lamellicola from Iran, using the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS ) region.

Fusarium solani f.sp. cucurbitae is an important pathogen on cucurbit plants (watermelon, melon, cucumber and squash) all over the world, having two races namely 1 and 2. Race 1 causes rots on the root, crown and fruit, while race2 has pathogenicity on the fruit only. Samples from infected plants were collected during 2004-2005 from 101 watermelon fields and 31 fields of other cucurbit plants, in townships of Khorasan Razavi, Northern Khorasan and some regions in Fars. 37 isolates of Fusarium solani were isolated from different growth stages of watermelon, melon and cucumber.Pathogenicity test was conducted by the Root-dipping method on seedlings of watermelon, melon, cucumber and squash and 33 pathogenic isolates were obtained. Formae specialis detection test was also performed on seedlings of tomato, pea and bean (non-host plants). In conclusion, 30 isolates out of 33 showed pathogenicity only on cucurbit plants and were confirmed as Fusarium solani f.sp cucurbitae.The 30 isolates showed pathogenicity on fruit in addition to root and crown and there fore race 1 was detected in the studied regions. Race detection was also conducted utilizing the Fsc1 SPECIFIC PRIMER (based on the tef-la gene), confirmed the results of classical experiments.

Self-incompatibility in almond andPrunus species is an important trait that prevents self-fertilization. Selfincompatibility in almond is controlled game tophytically by the multiallelic S-locus. Present study was done in order to identification and preliminary selection of self-compatible progenies resulted from controlled crosses in almond using SPECIFIC PRIMER SfF/SfR. Some important morphological traits of parental crosses were evaluated using almond descriptor. Also, progenies (F1) of five crosses inculding; A (Tuono × 101 Genotype), B (Supernova × 101 Genotype), C (Genco × Shahrood 21), D (Tuono × Shahrood 12) and E (Tuono × shahrood 17) were tested using PCR in order to DNA amplification and self-compatibility evaluation. The result of PCR method found that using SfF/SfR pair PRIMER, self-compatible progenies showed 449 bp bands, while this band not observed in self-incompatible progenies. In addition, all self- incompatible progenies appeared no S1 allele at any condition. According to Chi-square test, ratios of self-compatible to self-incompatible progenies were to Mendelian principles. It can be suggested that PCR method of this research has high potential in order to distinguish self-compatible and incompatible genotypes.